Avenue of the Sphinxes
Karnak
The temple complex at Karnak is known for the Great Temple of Amun, the most important temple in Egypt from the 18th Dynasty onward. Within the Precinct of Amun (central enclosure) lies the Great Temple itself, and several subsidiary temples to other deities. A separate enclosure to the north of Amun is dedicated to Montu, the local god of Thebes. To the south of Amun lies the Precinct of Mut.
Avenues of ram-headed sphinxes (criosphinxes) lead to the enclosure of Amun from the west and south and define the two principal axes of the temple. Shown in this photo is the east-west avenue, looking east to the outermost pylon (Pylon I) closest to the viewer. Earlier pylons (II, III, etc) can be seen further down the avenue, leading east to the sanctuary of the Great Temple. Because Karnak was successively enlarged over the centuries, the innermost structures are the earliest and the outermost structures are the latest. Pylon I may have been built as late as the 30th Dynasty (380-343 BC).
If you are following this photo tour with a map, the basic sequence of photos is west to east until the center of the temple, then south to the sacred lake, then north again to the first pylon and back out the way we came.
Types of Temple
[Hypostyle Hall]
The great Hypostyle Hall at the Temple of Karnak
The temples Egyptologists call ‘God’s mansions’ come closest to our definition of a place of worship. These include major temples to a single deity, or to several deities, as well as mortuary temples, dedicated to a dead king effectively gods). Within these, huge armies of people with different roles worshipped and cared for the gods. But, unlike our temples, they were private complexes with no communication between the gods and the public.
Mortuary temples were often associated with valley temples that were merely impressive gateways with no religious function. There were also many specialist temples such as Ka temples, to house the dead king’s soul, Sed-festival temples to celebrate the king’s jubilee, sun temples and coronation temples. Many temples were added to over the years to become giant complexes with multiple functions.
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